What Is Options Trading? (And Why Most People Get It Completely Wrong)
Options Trading Basics | By Simon Ree | 6 April 2026
You know how most people think about the stock market? Buy shares of a company you believe in, cross your fingers, hope the price goes up, and check your portfolio every fifteen minutes like a nervous parent watching a school play.
That's fine. It works... sometimes. But it's a bit like owning one tool in your toolbox. A hammer. And when all you have is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail.
Options are the rest of the toolbox.
Now, I get it. The word 'options' tends to trigger one of two reactions. Either people's eyes glaze over because they assume it's impossibly complex, or they get excited because some bloke on YouTube told them they could turn $500 into $50,000 by Friday. Both reactions are wrong. And both are the reason I sat down to write this.
I spent over two decades at Goldman Sachs and Citibank. I've traded through the dot com boom and tech wreck, GFC, flash crashes, pandemics, and whatever we're calling the current chapter of market history. And I can tell you from three decades in the trenches: options, understood properly, are the most flexible, most practical, and most misunderstood instrument available to everyday traders.
So let's strip away the jargon, the intimidation, and the nonsense. I'll explain options the way I'd explain them to a smart friend over a glass of wine... someone who's curious, capable, and doesn't want to be patronised.
How Do Options Actually Work?
An option is a contract. That's it. Nothing mystical. It gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at a specific price before a certain date.
Read that again. The right, not the obligation. That distinction is everything.
You're not buying the stock itself. You're buying the right to do something with it later. Think of it this way: imagine you find your dream apartment. You're not ready to buy it yet, but you're terrified someone else will snap it up. So you pay the homeowner a small fee to lock in the purchase price for the next 90 days. If you decide to buy, great, the price is locked. If you change your mind, you walk away and only lose the fee you paid.
That fee? In the options world, we call it the premium. And that apartment analogy is basically how a call option works.
Every options contract has four moving parts:
The underlying asset. The stock, ETF, or index the option is based on. If you're buying an option on Apple, Apple stock is the underlying.
The strike price. The price at which you can buy or sell the stock if you choose to exercise. It's the locked-in price from our apartment analogy.
The expiration date. Options don't last forever. Every contract has an expiry date. After that, if you haven't used it, it's worthless. Gone. Like a coupon you forgot about in your kitchen drawer.
The premium. What you pay to buy the contract. Think of it as the price of admission.
One standard contract covers 100 shares. So when you buy one contract, you're controlling 100 shares while only paying the premium. That's where the leverage comes in. And leverage, as you'll discover, cuts both ways. It's a beautiful thing when it works for you. When it works against you... well, we'll get to that.
Calls and Puts: The Only Two Things You Need to Understand
Everything in options trading is built on two foundations. Two building blocks. Calls and puts. That's it. Every exotic-sounding strategy you'll ever hear about, from iron condors to butterfly spreads, is just a combination of these two things.
What Is a Call Option?
I like to think of a call option as the Airbnb of the financial world. You're renting a stock for a short period of time, paying a fraction of the full purchase price, and hoping it appreciates while you have the keys.
A call gives you the right to buy a stock at the strike price before expiration. You buy a call when you think the price is heading north.
Simple example. A stock is trading at $50. You buy a call with a strike price of $55, expiring in 30 days. You pay a $2 premium, which is $200 total for one contract (remember, each contract covers 100 shares).
If the stock rises to $65, your option is worth at least $10 per share. You can sell the contract for a tidy profit, or exercise it and buy shares at $55 when they're trading at $65. Either way, you're smiling.
If the stock stays flat or drops? The option expires worthless. You lose the $200 you paid. That's your maximum loss. Full stop. The stock could go to zero, and you'd still only lose $200. That ceiling on your downside is one of the things I genuinely love about options.
What Is a Put Option?
If a call is like Airbnb, a put is like an insurance policy. You're paying a small premium to protect yourself against something bad happening.
A put gives you the right to sell a stock at the strike price before expiration. You buy a put when you think the price is heading south.
Same setup: stock at $50, put with a $45 strike, 30-day expiry, $2 premium.
If the stock drops to $35, your put is worth at least $10 per share. You've locked in the right to sell at $45 when the market says it's only worth $35. That's a good day at the office.
If the stock stays flat or rises? The put expires worthless and you lose your $200. The insurance policy wasn't needed. You're out the premium, same as if you'd paid for home insurance and your house didn't burn down. Annoying, maybe. But that's how insurance works.
Puts are also commonly used as a hedge. If you own shares and you're worried about a short-term drop, buying a put can protect your position. Think of it as a seatbelt. You hope you don't need it, but you'd feel pretty foolish driving without one.
Key Terms You'll Hear Constantly
I'm not going to drown you in jargon. But there are a handful of terms that come up in every single options conversation, and being comfortable with them will make everything else click faster.
In the money (ITM): An option with intrinsic value. For a call, the stock is above the strike price. For a put, it's below. Basically, it's already working in your favour.
Out of the money (OTM): No intrinsic value yet. The stock hasn't moved in your direction. It's still got potential, but right now it's all promise and no delivery.
At the money (ATM): The stock price is right at or very close to the strike price. Sitting on the fence.
Intrinsic value: The real, built-in value of an option based on where the stock sits relative to the strike. If a call has a $50 strike and the stock is at $55, there's $5 of intrinsic value. No ambiguity.
Time value: The portion of the premium that reflects how much time is left before expiration. More time means more opportunity for the stock to move, so options with more time cost more. Makes sense, right? More runway, more possibilities.
Theta (time decay): This is the silent killer for option buyers. Options lose value every single day as expiration approaches. Every. Single. Day. It's like a block of ice melting on your kitchen counter. The closer you get to expiration, the faster it melts. Ignore theta at your peril.
Delta: How much the option's price moves for every $1 move in the underlying stock. A delta of 0.5 means the option moves about $0.50 for every $1 the stock moves. It's your sensitivity dial.
Implied volatility (IV): How much the market expects the stock to move. Higher IV means more expensive options. Understanding IV before you trade can save you a lot of money... and a lot of heartache. More on this shortly.
Why Do Traders Use Options?
Most people assume options are just for wild speculation. Punters trying to hit the jackpot. And yes, some people use them that way... usually right before they blow up their accounts.
But used properly, options are remarkably practical. Here's why serious traders use them:
Trading direction with defined risk. You can take a directional view on a stock while knowing exactly what you stand to lose. Your maximum downside is always the premium you paid. Nothing more. Compare that to buying shares outright, where the stock can keep falling and your losses keep growing. Defined risk is a beautiful thing.
Generating income. This is where it gets really interesting. Selling options, rather than buying them, can generate consistent, repeatable income. Strategies like covered calls and cash-secured puts are the bread and butter of traders looking to generate a regular income stream.
Hedging. Puts can protect an existing position from a significant drop. It's portfolio insurance. And heading into 2026 with the S&P 500 trading at near record high valuations… let's just say insurance has been on my mind a lot more!
Capital efficiency. One contract controls 100 shares. You get exposure to price movements without having to buy all 100 shares outright. For traders working with smaller accounts, that's a meaningful edge.
This combination of flexibility, defined risk, and income potential is exactly why options became the focus of my personal trading after I left Goldman Sachs and Citibank. I spent years helping billionaires and hedge funds manage risk across Asia. Now I teach everyday traders how to use the same toolkit. Used correctly, options are one of the most practical instruments available to anyone with a brokerage account and the willingness to learn.
What Are the Risks? (The Bit Most People Skip)
I'd be doing you a disservice if I glossed over this part. Options can be powerful. They can also cause real damage if you don't understand the mechanics. And I've seen every flavour of damage over 30 years.
Here's what beginners need to respect:
Time decay works against buyers. Every day that passes, your option loses a little value. If the stock doesn't move fast enough in the right direction, you can lose money even if your directional call was spot on. I've watched this catch people off guard more times than I can count. You were right about the stock... but you were too slow, and theta ate your lunch.
Volatility crush. This one is particularly cruel. You buy a call before an earnings announcement. The stock goes up exactly as you predicted. And you still lose money. Why? Because implied volatility was sky-high before the announcement and collapsed afterward. The option was priced for a big move. The move happened, but the volatility premium evaporated. This is one of the most common and most painful lessons for beginners. It's the trading equivalent of winning the argument but losing the relationship.
Leverage amplifies losses too. More exposure for less capital is the upside. The downside is that a small move against you can wipe out a large percentage of your position quickly. Leverage is a tool. Like fire, it's enormously useful until you get careless with it.
Complexity creeps in. Buying a single call or put is straightforward. Multi-leg strategies, spreads, straddles, condors, involve multiple contracts with different strikes and expiry dates. There's a right time to learn these. That time is not day one. Walk before you run.
Liquidity matters. Not all options trade equally. On smaller stocks, the bid-ask spread can be wide, meaning you pay more to get in and receive less when you get out. Always check volume and open interest before you trade. Trading illiquid options is like trying to sell a house in a town nobody wants to live in.
The solution to most of these risks isn't avoiding options. It's education. Understanding how the mechanics work before you put real money on the line makes an enormous difference to your outcomes. Not losing money is the game. That might sound like a strange thing to say, but think about it. If you can master the art of not losing money, the winning takes care of itself over time.
That conviction is the reason I built Tao of Trading in the first place.
How to Start Learning Options Trading
If I were sitting across from you right now, here's the path I'd lay out:
Start with the basics. Understand calls, puts, and how options are priced before you place a single trade. This article is a starting point, not the destination. Get comfortable with the concepts. Let them settle in.
Paper trade first. Most brokers offer paper trading accounts where you can practise with “play” money. Use them. Get familiar with how options behave in real market conditions without risking real capital. There's no shame in training wheels. Even Bruce Lee started with basic stances.
Focus on high-probability setups. Most people think trading is about predicting where the market will go. It isn't. It's about identifying situations where the odds are stacked in your favour and managing risk when they're not. Trade setups, not opinions. This is the skill that separates consistent traders from those who blow up their accounts. A good trader with solid risk management will still be profitable even with a random, coin-flip entry system. A hard thing to make the uninitiated see, but it's true.
Learn from people who actually trade. There are a lot of options content online that is theoretical, disconnected from how real markets behave, and sometimes produced by people who are marketers rather than traders. Find education from traders with real, verifiable track records. At Tao of Trading, I teach the same strategies I trade myself, every week, in my own account. That's the standard you should hold any educator to.
Keep a trading journal. Write down every trade. Why you took it, what happened, what you learned, and how you felt emotionally at the time. That last part matters more than most people think. Review it regularly. Patterns in your decision-making, both good and bad, become obvious quickly. It's like holding a mirror up to your trading self. Uncomfortable sometimes, but incredibly effective.
Be patient with the learning curve. Options have a real learning curve. A lot of people get into trading expecting overnight success, but expecting to be profitable immediately is the fastest way to get hurt. Give yourself the time to learn the mechanics properly, practice your setups, and build genuine confidence. Trading is simple, but it isn't easy. The people who respect that distinction are the ones who make it.
FAQs
What is options trading in simple terms?
You're buying a contract that gives you the right, not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at a set price before a specific date. You're not trading the stock directly. You're trading a contract based on it. Think of it as renting exposure to a stock's price movement rather than buying the whole house.
Is options trading good for beginners?
Yes, but only if you learn the mechanics first. Understanding calls and puts, how options are priced, and what time decay and volatility mean before you trade real money is non-negotiable. Jumping in without that foundation is how beginners get hurt. I've seen it hundreds of times. Don't be that person.
What is the difference between a call and a put?
A call gives you the right to buy at the strike price. A put gives you the right to sell. You buy calls when you expect the stock to rise, puts when you expect it to fall. If it helps: calls are for optimists, puts are for realists. (I'm kidding. Sort of.)
Can you lose more than you invest in options trading?
If you're buying options, your maximum loss is the premium you paid. Full stop. If you're selling certain types of options without proper hedging, losses can be larger. Significantly larger. Which is why understanding your strategy before you trade it isn't optional. It's survival.
How much money do you need to start?
You can start with a few hundred dollars. That said, I'd always recommend paper trading before committing real capital. Starting small and learning properly is far better than starting big and learning expensively. The tuition fees the market charges for ignorance are steep.
What is implied volatility (IV) and why does it matter?
IV reflects how much the market expects a stock to move. It directly affects how expensive options are. When IV is high, options cost more. When it drops, they get cheaper, even if the stock goes your way. Understanding IV helps you avoid overpaying and helps you anticipate how your position will behave around events like earnings announcements. Remember the volatility crush example earlier? That's IV in action.
How long does it take to learn options trading?
There's no fixed timeline. Some traders get comfortable with basic strategies in a few weeks of consistent study and practice. Real consistency takes longer. A structured framework shortens the learning curve significantly because you're not piecing things together from scattered YouTube videos and Reddit threads. That's actually what we built Tao of Trading to solve.
The Bottom Line
Options aren't as complicated as they first appear. They are, however, less forgiving of laziness than most people expect.
Start with calls and puts. Understand time decay and implied volatility. Practise before you trade live. And learn from people who have actual skin in the game.
The basics are learnable. The rest comes with practice, patience, and the right guidance. The financial markets are, in my view, the single greatest place on earth to build wealth and generate income. Options are the tool that makes it accessible to everyday people, not just the institutions.
I've spent three decades learning that lesson. You don't have to.
Want to learn how I trade options? Start at https://www.taooftrading.com/
Most people assume options are just for wild speculation. Punters trying to hit the jackpot. And yes, some people use them that way... usually right before they blow up their accounts. But used properly, options are remarkably practical.



